The Prosocial Phenotype and Cooperative Health Protective Behaviors: Insights from COVID-19

Citation

Mills R, Di Angelantonio E, Wetherall K, Cleare S, Masser B, Mcclelland H, Melson AJ, Niedzwiedz C, O'Connor DB, O'Carroll R, Robb KA, Scowcroft E, Watson B, Wood A & Zortea T (2025) The Prosocial Phenotype and Cooperative Health Protective Behaviors: Insights from COVID-19. Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0001561

Abstract
Objectives: Identifying factors associated with cooperative health-protective behaviors (e.g., vaccination, social distancing) is critical during crises requiring collective action. This research examines two hypotheses in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: (i) the situational-strength hypothesis, which predicts that the impact of prosocial preferences on repeated low-cost cooperative actions (e.g., adherence to government guidelines) is moderated by situational ambiguity (e.g., clarity of guidelines); and (ii) the vaccination73 altruism hypothesis, predicting prosocial individuals are more likely to undertake high-cost cooperative actions (e.g., initial COVID-19 vaccination) due to other-regarding motives. Methods: Study 1 (N=2,861) assessed four prosocial behaviors (blood donation, organ donor registration,monetary donation, volunteering) and three classic cooperative games (dictator, trust, public goods) to validate a prosocial-phenotype (PP) measure. Study 2 (N=3,077) utilized an eight-wave UK panel survey (March 2020–July 2021) to test the situational strength and vaccine altruism hypotheses. Results: Study 1 found that past prosocial behavior was significantly correlated with behavior in cooperative games, supporting construction of the PP measure. In Study 2, higher PP, in line with the situational-strength hypothesis, was associated with greater adherence to guidelines, but only when rules were ambiguous. Higher PP was also associated with greater stated willingness and uptake of vaccination. Although self-protection was the most common motive to vaccinate, high-PP individuals were more likely to cite protecting others and achieving herd immunity. Conclusions: Prosociality plays a dynamic role in influencing both low- and high-cost

Keywords
prosociality; prosocial phenotype; COVID-19; situational strength; vaccination-altruism

Notes
Additional authors: Rory O’Connor, Roshan Desai, Susan R. Brailsford, Eamonn Ferguson

Journal
Health Psychology

• The Prosocial Phenotype and Cooperative Health Protective Behaviors: Insights from 2 COVID-19