Article
Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement in Cambodia: Enabling conditions and opportunities for intervention
Nuttall M, Olsson E, Washington H, Ung V, Bunnefeld N, Merriman J, Griffin O, Hobson K, Diment A & Kroner RG (2023) Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement in Cambodia: Enabling conditions and opportunities for intervention. Conservation Science and Practice, 5 (4), Art. No.: e12912. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.12912
Article
Feudal Law and the Unionist Writings of Thomas Craig
Dodd L (2023) Feudal Law and the Unionist Writings of Thomas Craig. Scottish Historical Review, 102 (1), pp. 34-66. https://doi.org/10.3366/shr.2023.0588
Article
Agency and the limits of responsibility: co management of technology enabled care in supported housing.
Serpa R, Rolfe S, Gibson G, Lawrence J & McCall V (2023) Agency and the limits of responsibility: co management of technology enabled care in supported housing.. Social Sciences, 12 (4), Art. No.: 248. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040248
Article
Ocean acidification, warming and feeding impacts on biomineralization pathways and shell material properties of Magallana gigas and Mytilus spp.
Mele I, McGill RA, Thompson J, Fennell J & Fitzer S (2023) Ocean acidification, warming and feeding impacts on biomineralization pathways and shell material properties of Magallana gigas and Mytilus spp.. Marine Environmental Research, 186, Art. No.: 105925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105925
Article
Forest total and component biomass retrieval via GA-SVR algorithm and quad-polarimetric SAR data
Shi J, Zhang W, Marino A, Zeng P, Ji Y, Zhao H, Huang G & Wang M (2023) Forest total and component biomass retrieval via GA-SVR algorithm and quad-polarimetric SAR data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 118, Art. No.: 103275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2023.103275
Article
The first year in formal schooling improves working memory and academic abilities
Davidson C, Shing YL, McKay C, Rafetseder E & Wijeakumar S (2023) The first year in formal schooling improves working memory and academic abilities. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 60, p. 101205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101205
Article
Circadian rhythm of preferred temperature in fish: Behavioural thermoregulation linked to daily photocycles in zebrafish and Nile tilapia
Vera LM, de Alba G, Santos S, Szewczyk TM, Mackenzie SA, Sánchez-Vázquez FJ & Rey-Planellas S (2023) Circadian rhythm of preferred temperature in fish: Behavioural thermoregulation linked to daily photocycles in zebrafish and Nile tilapia. Journal of Thermal Biology, 113, Art. No.: 103544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103544
Article
Supporting employees with mental illness and reducing mental illness-related stigma in the workplace: an expert survey
Hogg B, Moreno-Alcázar A, Tóth MD, Serbanescu I, Aust B, Leduc C, Paterson C, Tsantilla F, Abdulla K, Cerga-Pashoja A, Cresswell-Smith J, Fanaj N, Meksi A, Maxwell M & MENTUPP consortium members (2023) Supporting employees with mental illness and reducing mental illness-related stigma in the workplace: an expert survey. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 273 (3), pp. 739-753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01443-3
Research Report
How common is low pay in Britain and is it declining?
Forth J, Bryson A, Phan V, Ritchie F, Singleton C, Stokes L & Whittard D (2023) How common is low pay in Britain and is it declining?. Administrative Data Research UK. Data Insights. Swindon. https://www.adruk.org/news-publications/publications-reports/data-insight-how-common-is-low-pay-in-britain-and-is-it-declining/
Commentary
Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health
Gilmore AB, Fabbri A, Baum F, Bertscher A, Bondy K, Chang H, Demaio S, Erzse A, Freudenberg N, Friel S, Hofman KJ, Johns P, Abdool Karim S, Lacy-Nichols J & de Carvalho CMP (2023) Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. The Lancet, 401 (10383), pp. 1194-1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736%2823%2900013-2
Article
Antimicrobial action of chromatin extracellular traps released by neutrophils of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792)
Van AP, Bron JE & Desbois AP (2023) Antimicrobial action of chromatin extracellular traps released by neutrophils of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 135, Art. No.: 108657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108657
Article
CEO power and CSR‑linked compensation for corporate environmental responsibility: UK evidence
Al-Shaer H, Albitar K & Liu J (2023) CEO power and CSR‑linked compensation for corporate environmental responsibility: UK evidence. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, 60, pp. 1025-1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11156-022-01118-z
Article
Trees out‐forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest
Friggens NL, Hartley IP, Parker TC, Subke J & Wookey PA (2023) Trees out‐forage understorey shrubs for nitrogen patches in a subarctic mountain birch forest. Oikos, 2023 (4). https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.09567
Article
The (R) evolution of the social entrepreneurship concept: a critical historical review
Teasdale S, Bellazzecca E, de Bruin A & Roy MJ (2023) The (R) evolution of the social entrepreneurship concept: a critical historical review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 52 (1), pp. 212S-240S.
Other
The State of Data: Reflections on Using 'BIG' and Administrative Data Sources in Social Research
Hunter S & Shapira M (2023) The State of Data: Reflections on Using 'BIG' and Administrative Data Sources in Social Research. Journal of Sociology: Bulletin of Yerevan University, 13 (2), Art. No.: 36. https://doi.org/10.46991/BYSU%3AF/2022.13.2.028
Article
Collagen Gene Polymorphisms Previously Associated with Resistance to Soft-Tissue Injury Are More Common in Competitive Runners Than Nonathletes
Dines HR, Nixon J, Lockey SJ, Herbert AJ, Kipps C, Pedlar CR, Day SH, Heffernan SM, Antrobus MR, Brazier J, Erskine RM, Stebbings GK, Hall ECR & Williams AG (2023) Collagen Gene Polymorphisms Previously Associated with Resistance to Soft-Tissue Injury Are More Common in Competitive Runners Than Nonathletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37 (4). https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004291
Article
Persistence of E. coli in Streambed Sediment Contaminated with Faeces from Dairy Cows, Geese, and Deer: Legacy Risks to Environment and Health
Afolabi EO, Quilliam RS & Oliver DM (2023) Persistence of E. coli in Streambed Sediment Contaminated with Faeces from Dairy Cows, Geese, and Deer: Legacy Risks to Environment and Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20 (7), Art. No.: 5375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075375
Article
Ecological carrying capacity in mariculture: Consideration and application in geographic strategies and policy
Fisher J, Angel D, Callier M, Cheney D, Filgueira R, Hudson B, McKindsey CW, Milke L, Moore H, O’Beirn F, O’Carroll J, Rabe B, Telfer T & Byron CJ (2023) Ecological carrying capacity in mariculture: Consideration and application in geographic strategies and policy. Marine Policy, 150, Art. No.: 105516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105516
Article
Anatomy of the bi-gradational contourite sequence: Case study from the Gulf of Cadiz
Stow D, Smillie Z, Wilkin J, Pan J, Esegbue O, Bahr A & Ducassou E (2023) Anatomy of the bi-gradational contourite sequence: Case study from the Gulf of Cadiz. Marine Geology, 458, Art. No.: 107026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2023.107026
Article
Identification of potentially zoonotic parasites in captive orangutans and semi‐captive mandrills: Phylogeny and morphological comparison
Nosková E, Modrý D, Baláž V, Červená B, Jirků‐Pomajbíková K, Zechmeisterová K, Leowski C, Petrželková KJ, Pšenková I, Vodička R, Kessler SE, Ngoubangoye B, Setchell JM & Pafčo B (2023) Identification of potentially zoonotic parasites in captive orangutans and semi‐captive mandrills: Phylogeny and morphological comparison. American Journal of Primatology, 85 (4), Art. No.: e23475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23475
Article
Diverse agricultural landscapes increase bat activity and diversity: Implications for biological pest control
Tortosa A, Giffard B, Barbaro L, Froidevaux JSP, Ladet S, Delhommel J & Vialatte A (2023) Diverse agricultural landscapes increase bat activity and diversity: Implications for biological pest control. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 345, Art. No.: 108318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108318
Article
“We're socialists not nationalists”: British labour and the national question(s)
Brown Swan C (2023) “We're socialists not nationalists”: British labour and the national question(s). Nations and Nationalism, 29 (2), pp. 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12868
Article
Do Artificial Neural Networks Provide Improved Volatility Forecasts: Evidence from Asian Markets
McMillan D, Kambouroudis D & Sahiner M (2023) Do Artificial Neural Networks Provide Improved Volatility Forecasts: Evidence from Asian Markets. Journal of Economics and Finance.
Article
Understanding nuance and ambivalence in intergenerational relationships through fiction
French JE, Lovatt M & Wright V (2023) Understanding nuance and ambivalence in intergenerational relationships through fiction. The Gerontologist. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad051
Article
Exploring interventions to address unhealthy commodity industry influence on policy
Bertscher A, Matthes B, Gilmore A, Bondy K, Bloomfield M, Nobles J, Akker A, Dance S & Zatoński M (2023) Exploring interventions to address unhealthy commodity industry influence on policy. Population Medicine, 5 (Supplement). https://doi.org/10.18332/popmed/165175
Book Chapter
Predicting the Infection Level of Covid-19 Virus using Normal Distribution Based Approximation Model and PSO
Wazir S, Kashyap GS, Malik K & Brownlee A (2023) Predicting the Infection Level of Covid-19 Virus using Normal Distribution Based Approximation Model and PSO. In: Mathematical Modeling and Intelligent Control for Combating Pandemics. Springer.
Article
Aboveground Biomass Retrieval in Tropical and Boreal Forests Using L-Band Airborne Polarimetric Observations
Wang M, Zhang W, Ji Y, Marino A, Xu K, Zhao L, Shi J & Zhao H (2023) Aboveground Biomass Retrieval in Tropical and Boreal Forests Using L-Band Airborne Polarimetric Observations. Forests, 14 (5), p. 887. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14050887
Article
Promoting an inclusive approach to assessing and managing chronic wounds
Smith F & Sharp A (2023) Promoting an inclusive approach to assessing and managing chronic wounds. Primary Health Care. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2023.e1797
Review
Co-occurring Chronic Pain And Primary Psychological Disorder - a Scoping Review
Bateman S, Caes L, Eccleston C, Noel M & Jordan A (2023) Co-occurring Chronic Pain And Primary Psychological Disorder - a Scoping Review. Paediatric and Neonatal Pain.
Article
Enhanced skeletal muscle contractile function and corticospinal excitability precede strength and architectural adaptations during lower-limb resistance training
Wilson MT, Hunter AM, Fairweather M, Kerr S, Hamilton DL & Macgregor LJ (2023) Enhanced skeletal muscle contractile function and corticospinal excitability precede strength and architectural adaptations during lower-limb resistance training. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 123, pp. 1911-1928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05201-8
Article
Fish oil supplementation fails to modulate indices of muscle damage and muscle repair during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in trained young males
Mackay J, Bowles E, Macgregor LJ, Prokopidis K, Campbell C, Barber E, Galloway SDR, Witard OC, Galloway SDR & Witard OC (2023) Fish oil supplementation fails to modulate indices of muscle damage and muscle repair during acute recovery from eccentric exercise in trained young males. Galloway S (Project Manager) European Journal of Sport Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2023.2199282
Commentary
Entrevista con Raquel De Pedro Ricoy, catedrática de Traducción e Interpretación en la Universidad de Stirling
de Pedro Ricoy R & Valero Garcés C (2023) Entrevista con Raquel De Pedro Ricoy, catedrática de Traducción e Interpretación en la Universidad de Stirling [Interview with Raquel de Pedro Ricoy, Full Professor of Translation and Interpreting at the University of Stirling]. Villoslada Sánchez A (Translator) FITISPos International Journal, 10 (1), pp. 143-147. https://fitisposij.web.uah.es/OJS/index.php/fitispos/article/view/359
Article
David Hume on history, development and happiness: interconnections
Dow S (2023) David Hume on history, development and happiness: interconnections. European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. https://doi.org/10.1080/09672567.2023.2202921
Article
Agency and the Limits of Responsibility: Co-Management of Technology-Enabled Care in Supported Housing
Serpa RC, Rolfe S, Gibson G, Lawrence J & McCall V (2023) Agency and the Limits of Responsibility: Co-Management of Technology-Enabled Care in Supported Housing. Social Sciences, 12 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12040248
Article
Postcancer treatment support programme: an evaluation
Murray C, Makinson J, Brown L & Allan J (2023) Postcancer treatment support programme: an evaluation. BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care. https://doi.org/10.1136/spcare-2023-004188
Article
The role of teacher educator virtual communities of practice (VCoPs) in mobilising policy engagement: A case study of the initial teacher training market review from England
Murtagh L & Rushton EA (2023) The role of teacher educator virtual communities of practice (VCoPs) in mobilising policy engagement: A case study of the initial teacher training market review from England. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866x.2023.2191306
Article
Understanding the developmental experiences of high-performance coaches in Northern Ireland: A collective case study from an ecological perspective
Cooke M, Allen J & Paradis KF (2023) Understanding the developmental experiences of high-performance coaches in Northern Ireland: A collective case study from an ecological perspective. Sports Coaching Review. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640629.2023.2203029
Presentation / Talk
The Future Governance of Surveillance Cameras: A Gap Analysis Reflecting on Provisions in the Data Protection and Digital Information Bill
Webster W & Fussey P (2023) The Future Governance of Surveillance Cameras: A Gap Analysis Reflecting on Provisions in the Data Protection and Digital Information Bill. ICDDF 2023 (Digital Video Experts Group & National Police Chief's Council CCTV Conference), Heathrow, 17.04.2023-19.04.2023.
Website Content
Weaving a ‘green thread’ of climate change education: Primary and secondary school teachers’ current practice
Rushton E, Dunlop L & Atkinson L (2023) Weaving a ‘green thread’ of climate change education: Primary and secondary school teachers’ current practice. BERA Blog [Blog post] 17.04.2023. https://www.bera.ac.uk/blog/weaving-a-green-thread-of-climate-change-education-primary-and-secondary-school-teachers-current-practice
Article
From the environment into the biomass: microplastic uptake in a protected lamprey species
Rendell-Bhatti F, Bull C, Cross R, Cox R, Adediran GA & Lahive E (2023) From the environment into the biomass: microplastic uptake in a protected lamprey species. Environmental Pollution, 323, Art. No.: 121267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121267
Article
Deciphering Article 17 of the Digital Copyright Directive and its compatibility with freedom of expression and information following case C-401/19
Krokida Z (2023) Deciphering Article 17 of the Digital Copyright Directive and its compatibility with freedom of expression and information following case C-401/19. European Law Review.
Newspaper Article
We asked Sikh men in Britain what the turban means to them – here’s what they told us
Moufahim M & Bhogal-Nair A (2023) We asked Sikh men in Britain what the turban means to them – here’s what they told us. The Conversation. 14.04.2023.
Video
Group Dynamics and Interplay in UN Disarmament Forums
Dee M (2023) Group Dynamics and Interplay in UN Disarmament Forums. Faculti [Video interview] 14.04.2023. https://faculti.net/group-dynamics-and-interplay-in-un-disarmament-forums/
Website Content
Hugh McIlvanney
Haynes R (2023) Hugh McIlvanney. Oxford Dictionary for National Biography [Website] 13.04.2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.90000380905
Article
Salivary Amylase Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Variation Has Only Minor Correlation with Body Composition in Chinese Adults
Zhang X, Moran C, Wang R, Zhou Y & Brooks N (2023) Salivary Amylase Gene (AMY1) Copy Number Variation Has Only Minor Correlation with Body Composition in Chinese Adults. Genes and Genomics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-023-01381-x
Other
Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: a year in review
Bacardit J, Brownlee A, Cagnoni S, Iacca G, McCall J & Walker D (2023) Evolutionary Computation and Explainable AI: a year in review. EvoStar, Brno, Czech Republic (hybrid), 12.04.2023-14.04.2023.
Article
Bridging time: negotiating serious leisure in intimate couple relationships
Punch S & Snellgrove M (2023) Bridging time: negotiating serious leisure in intimate couple relationships. Annals of Leisure Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2023.2197243
Article
Reflecting on Climate Change Education Priorities in Secondary Schools in England: Moving beyond Learning about Climate Change to the Emotions of Living with Climate Change
Rushton EAC, Sharp S, Kitson A & Walshe N (2023) Reflecting on Climate Change Education Priorities in Secondary Schools in England: Moving beyond Learning about Climate Change to the Emotions of Living with Climate Change. Sustainability, 15 (8), p. 6497. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086497
Article
Dangerous care: developing theory to safeguard older adults in caring relationships in the UK
Sherwood-Johnson F, Rummery K, Lawrence J, Mackay K, Ramsay K & McGregor R (2023) Dangerous care: developing theory to safeguard older adults in caring relationships in the UK. Journal of Adult Protection. https://doi.org/10.1108/jap-10-2022-0023
Conference Paper (unpublished)
Step by Step and all Together? Disability, Disruption and Challenging Narratives of Vulnerability in the Compounding Crisis Context
Connon I (2023) Step by Step and all Together? Disability, Disruption and Challenging Narratives of Vulnerability in the Compounding Crisis Context. Association of Social Anthropologists 2023 Conference, London, UK, 11.04.2023-14.04.2023.
Research Report
The Second ICES/NASCO Workshop on Salmon Mortality at Sea (WKSalmon2; outputs from 2022 meeting)
Banas N, Bean C, Bolstad GH, Bull C, Campbell A, Dauphin G, de Eyto E, Diack G, Elliott S, Gregory S, Head E, Johns D, Kavanagh A & McGinnity P (2023) The Second ICES/NASCO Workshop on Salmon Mortality at Sea (WKSalmon2; outputs from 2022 meeting). Bill C (Editor) & Nolan G (Editor) International Council For The Exploration of the Seas (ICES) ICES Scientific Reports, 5:36. Copenhagen. https://doi.org/10.17895/ices.pub.22560790
Article
The InflateSAR Campaign: Developing Refugee Vessel Detection Capabilities with Polarimetric SAR
Lanz P, Marino A, Simpson MD, Brinkhoff T, Köster F & Möller M (2023) The InflateSAR Campaign: Developing Refugee Vessel Detection Capabilities with Polarimetric SAR. Remote Sensing, 15 (8). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15082008
Article
Moving Beyond "Spoon" Tasks: The Emergence of Self-Directed Episodic Future Thinking
Atance CM, Ayson G & Martin-Ordas G (2023) Moving Beyond "Spoon" Tasks: The Emergence of Self-Directed Episodic Future Thinking. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1646
Article
Between role adaptation and contestation: the UK’s status as a nuclear weapon state after Brexit
Dee M & Kienzle B (2023) Between role adaptation and contestation: the UK’s status as a nuclear weapon state after Brexit. International Politics. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-023-00463-7
Commentary
Researching the sacred: a conversation with Samuelson Appau, Russ Belk and Diego Rinallo
Moufahim M, Rodner V, El Jurdi H, Appau S, Belk R & Rinallo D (2023) Researching the sacred: a conversation with Samuelson Appau, Russ Belk and Diego Rinallo. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 26 (2). https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-02-2023-0016
Letter
Comparing unequal volumes of HIIT and MICT does not introduce bias
Vollaard NB, Metcalfe RS & Astorino TA (2023) Comparing unequal volumes of HIIT and MICT does not introduce bias. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2023.03.007
Editorial
Guest editorial: Sacred journeys: moving in, out and around sacred spaces
Moufahim M, Rodner V & El Jurdi H (2023) Guest editorial: Sacred journeys: moving in, out and around sacred spaces. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 26 (2), pp. 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/qmr-02-2023-199
Article
A new avenue in the search for CP violation: Mössbauer spectroscopy of 227Ac
Scheck M, Chapman R, Dobaczewski J, Ederer C, Ivanov P, Lorusso G, O'Donnell D & Schröder C (2023) A new avenue in the search for CP violation: Mössbauer spectroscopy of 227Ac. European Physical Journal A: Hadrons and Nuclei.
Newspaper Article
Why you should care about recent bumper bank profits
Webb R (2023) Why you should care about recent bumper bank profits. The Conversation. 05.04.2023.
Article
Assessment tools used in adult safeguarding practice within the UK and Ireland: results from a small-scale qualitative study
Doyle L, Montgomery L, Donnelly S, Mackay K & Penhale B (2023) Assessment tools used in adult safeguarding practice within the UK and Ireland: results from a small-scale qualitative study. The Journal of Adult Protection, 25 (2), pp. 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1108/jap-10-2022-0021
Article
Scottish Landform Example: subaqueous moraines around the Summer Isles and in the approaches to Loch Broom (Wester Ross Marine Protected Area)
Bradwell T & Stoker M (2023) Scottish Landform Example: subaqueous moraines around the Summer Isles and in the approaches to Loch Broom (Wester Ross Marine Protected Area). Scottish Geographical Journal, 139 (1-2), pp. 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2023.2226452
Research Report
Understanding the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s access and attitudes to contraception in England
Ford A, McMillan L, Gadsby E, Howell R, Ussher M & Hunt K (2023) Understanding the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on women’s access and attitudes to contraception in England. National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Policy Research Unit.
Thesis
Lawful Sovereignty: The Political Criminalisation and Decriminalisation of Jacobitism, 1688–1788
Cunningham CE (2023) Lawful Sovereignty: The Political Criminalisation and Decriminalisation of Jacobitism, 1688–1788. Doctor of Philosophy. The University of Stirling. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/35462
Conference Paper (unpublished)
“But one of the best things is, I don’t feel so bound”: how a specialised youth work model can support children affected by domestic abuse.
Bellussi L (2023) “But one of the best things is, I don’t feel so bound”: how a specialised youth work model can support children affected by domestic abuse.. Alexander J (Research Group), Plumpton J (Research Group) & Callaghan J (Research Group) ECDV Reykjavik 2023; Edinburgh Community Psychology Festival 2023., 01.04.2023.
Article
How do Developers Really Feel About Bug Fixing? Directions for Automatic Program Repair
Winter E, Bowes D, Counsell S, Hall T, Haraldsson S, Nowack V & Woodward J (2023) How do Developers Really Feel About Bug Fixing? Directions for Automatic Program Repair. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 49 (4), pp. 1823-1841. https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2022.3194188